Knowledgebase

Substance, Pillar Two & International Tax

Economic substance, the OECD global minimum tax and Pillar Two, and cross-border structuring — what a Swiss entity must do to withstand scrutiny.

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Economic substance is the real presence (people, premises and decisions taken in Switzerland) that lets a Swiss company keep its tax position, its treaty access and, since 2024, its standing under the OECD global minimum tax. Pillar Two sets a 15% minimum effective rate for groups with consolidated revenue of at least EUR 750 million. Switzerland brought in its domestic top-up tax (QDMTT) on 1 January 2024 and an income inclusion rule on 1 January 2025.

The combination changed the calculus. A low cantonal headline rate no longer shields a large group, because the shortfall to 15% is collected regardless; what survives the calculation is genuine activity, rewarded through the substance-based carve-out. The guides below explain what substance means in practice, how Pillar Two works in Switzerland, and what a special-purpose vehicle needs to be respected rather than looked through.

Articles on substance, pillar two & international tax

Economic Substance in Switzerland Explained

What economic substance means for a Swiss company: people, premises and board decisions taken here, who needs it, and what a defensible substance file holds.

Economic Substance in Switzerland Explained: Read
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FAQ

Frequently asked questions.

01

Which groups fall within Pillar Two?

Groups with consolidated revenue of at least EUR 750 million. Switzerland introduced its domestic top-up tax (QDMTT) on 1 January 2024 and an income inclusion rule on 1 January 2025, so an in-scope group with Swiss entities is already affected.
02

What counts as economic substance in Switzerland?

Real presence: people, premises and decisions actually taken in Switzerland. It is what supports treaty access and the tax position, and it is also what earns the substance-based carve-out in the Pillar Two calculation. Substance is judged on where decisions were taken and documented during the year, not on what an organisation chart says.
03

Does a low cantonal rate still help a large group?

Not on its own. For an in-scope group the shortfall to a 15% effective rate is collected regardless of the cantonal headline rate, so rate-shopping alone no longer works. What survives the calculation is genuine activity in Switzerland.

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